AP Business Case Study Example

Peak & Pine

Unit 2 · Market research, targeting & the marketing mix

This is an original, fictional case study written to match the AP Business case format. Read the case, try each question on your own, then open the sample answers to check your thinking. Peak & Pine isn't a real company — it's built for practice.

The Case

Snapshot
  • Business: Peak & Pine — trail snacks for day hikers
  • Founder: Jordan Lee
  • Customer: Casual “weekend” hikers
  • Focus: Market research, segmentation, targeting, and pricing

Jordan Lee grew up hiking the trails outside their hometown, and every trip had one small frustration: snacks. The gas-station options were sugary and fell apart in a backpack, while the “premium” energy bars at outdoor stores were expensive and, in Jordan's words, tasted “like cardboard.” After college, Jordan wondered whether there was room for a snack made for day hikers — real ingredients, sturdy enough for a pack, and priced for regular people.

Before making anything, Jordan did something many new founders skip: real market research. Jordan surveyed more than 300 hikers at trailheads and in online hiking groups, asking what they packed, what they'd pay, and what annoyed them about current options. Two patterns stood out. First, most day hikers weren't hardcore athletes counting grams of protein — they were “weekend” hikers who just wanted something tasty and filling that wouldn't melt or crumble. Second, they'd pay a little more for real ingredients, but the $4 “performance” bars felt like too much.

That research shaped everything. Jordan saw that the market could be divided into groups — competitive endurance athletes, ultralight backpackers, and casual weekend hikers — and chose to focus on the last group: the largest and least served. The company, Peak & Pine, would make hearty trail snacks from recognizable ingredients (oats, nuts, dried fruit, dark chocolate) in resealable pouches built to survive a backpack.

Jordan used the research to design the whole marketing approach. Because the target customer valued simplicity and trust, Peak & Pine's brand was plain and honest: earthy colors, a short ingredient list on the front, and a friendly tagline, “Real food for real trails.” Pricing landed at $3.50 a pouch — above grocery-store granola but below the premium performance bars — positioning Peak & Pine as the sensible middle choice for everyday hikers.

Promotion followed the customer, too. Instead of expensive ads, Jordan sent free samples to local hiking clubs and trail-cleanup groups, set up a booth at weekend trailheads, and encouraged customers to post trail photos with the product for a chance to be featured. The company sold directly through its own website and in small outdoor shops, staying close to customers and gathering ideas for new flavors.

As Peak & Pine grew, Jordan kept using research to guide decisions. When surveys showed customers wanted a nut-free option to share with kids, the company added one. When data showed most orders spiked on Thursdays and Fridays — hikers stocking up for the weekend — Peak & Pine timed its emails and restocks to match.

Not every choice worked. An early premium “Summit” line priced at $6 flopped — a reminder that the brand's whole appeal was being affordable and unpretentious. Jordan dropped it and refocused on the core customer.

By its fourth year, Peak & Pine had built a loyal following of weekend hikers, expanded to three flavors and a nut-free line, and become a familiar name at trailheads across the region — proof that knowing exactly who you serve, and building the product, price, and message around them, can matter more than trying to please everyone.

Reading Questions

These are the same for every case — they check that you caught the basics before you analyze.

1. Which business does this case feature, and what product or service does it provide?
Peak & Pine. It makes hearty trail snacks — real-ingredient snacks in sturdy resealable pouches — aimed at day hikers, and later adds a nut-free line.
2. Who are the key people named in the case, and what roles do they play? Which other stakeholders — individuals or groups — have an interest in the business?
Jordan Lee, the founder, who noticed the problem, did the research, and built the brand. Other stakeholders include customers (weekend hikers), the 300+ survey respondents, local hiking and trail-cleanup clubs that received samples, small outdoor retailers, and customers who post photos and suggest flavors.
3. Identify an opportunity and/or a challenge the business faces in this case.
Opportunity: an underserved segment — casual weekend hikers — sitting between cheap gas-station snacks and expensive performance bars. Challenge: standing out without a big advertising budget and staying true to the affordable, unpretentious brand (shown when the $6 “Summit” line failed).

Practice Questions

These dig into the Unit 2 concepts this case is built to practice.

1. How did Jordan use market research to identify and choose a target market?
Jordan surveyed 300+ hikers about what they packed, what they'd pay, and their frustrations. The results revealed distinct segments — endurance athletes, ultralight backpackers, and casual weekend hikers — and Jordan targeted the weekend hikers because they were the largest and least-served group.
2. Describe Peak & Pine's marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion).
Product: hearty, real-ingredient trail snacks in sturdy resealable pouches (plus a nut-free line). Price: $3.50 a pouch, set between grocery granola and premium bars. Place: the company's own website and small outdoor shops, plus trailhead booths. Promotion: free samples to hiking clubs, trailhead sampling, and customer trail photos — low-cost, word-of-mouth marketing aimed right at the target customer.
3. Explain how Peak & Pine used customer data to make decisions after launch.
Surveys led the company to add a nut-free option; order data showing a Thursday–Friday spike led it to time emails and restocks for the weekend rush; and weak sales of the $6 “Summit” line led Jordan to drop it and refocus on the core customer. Research guided decisions before and after launch.

Application Activity

Pick a product you buy regularly. Identify two different customer segments who might buy it, then choose one to target and explain how you would adjust the price, the message, or the packaging to fit that segment better.

How This Maps to AP Business

This case practices core Unit 2 skills: conducting market research, segmenting a market, choosing a target customer, and building a marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion) around that customer. It also shows how businesses use data and consumer behavior to guide decisions — useful for the multiple-choice section and the free-response questions.

Peak & Pine is a fictional company created for practice; any resemblance to a real business is coincidental. This resource is independent and not affiliated with or endorsed by College Board.